Optimizing Water use in agriculture is crucial for sustainable resource management and increased productivity. Water Footprint analysis, which measures the total Water used directly and indirectly throughout a product's life cycle, offers valuable insights for improving Water management practices. This study investigated the Gray and white Water Footprints of a greenhouses cultivation, bell pepper, under different conditions including misting and pot cover. Evapotranspiration rates were used to calculate Water demand under various scenarios. Nitrate (NO3), potassium (K), and total phosphorus (TP) were monitored as key chemical parameters to calculate the Gray Water. Three scenarios including stringent (S1), normal (S2), and lenient (S3) are established based on Water quality standards. The findings revealed that misting and covering pots significantly reduced the Gray Water Footprint compared to non-misting or uncovered scenarios. The total Gray Water Footprint for bell peppers under misting and covered conditions was 2976 m3/ton, while it reached 3968m3/ton under non-misting and uncovered conditions, this represents a reduction of nearly 33% due to the combined effect of misting and pot cover. Importantly, Water quality standards also played a significant role, with stricter standards leading to a higher Gray Water Footprint (e. g., a difference of 2655m3/ton between scenarios S1 and S3 under misting and covered conditions). The white Water Footprint, representing freshWater directly used for cultivation, also varied across different scenarios.

Water Footprint index shows actual consumption of Water in three components: blue, green and Gray. Nowadays, the modern management of Water resources with integrated approach takes into account the concept of Water Footprint. In this research, wheat Water Footprint was evaluated at strategic zones with regards to Water resources (blue Water, green Water and Gray Water) and an optimal cropping pattern in different climates of Iran was presented. For this purpose, 33 provinces of the country were first classified according to the UNESCO cluster. All stations were classified in 6 climates; Plentiful Humidity Cool Warm (PH-C-W), Semi-Arid Cold Warm (SAK-W), Semi-Arid Cool Very Warm (SA-C-VW), Arid Cool Warm (A-C-W), Arid Mild Warm (A-M-W), Arid Cool Very Warm (A-C-VW). Then the Water Footprint was calculated and evaluated in each climate for all three components as blue, green and Gray Water. The results showed that the highest amounts of blue Water Footprint are seen in the central and southern parts of Iran. The highest amounts of green Water Footprint was seen in the northern and western parts and the maximum Gray Water Footprint was for the southern parts of the country. The average of green, blue and Gray Water Footprints was obtained respectively as 503. 3, 1392. 8 and 286. 2 m3/ton over the country. The results showed that wheat crop cultivation was not recommended in A-C-W and A-CVW climate zones of Iran.

The rapid growth of global population has placed an immense stress on the demand of natural resources and contributes to the destruction of the natural environment. As the planet is now consuming natural resources in the production of goods and services faster than the environment can regenerate, strategies are urgently required to manage the ecological assets in a more effective way. The planet has biophysical limits on natural resources production and waste absorption. Buildings are one of the main factors in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Buildings consume about 40% of global energy consumption. All building services such as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems consume more than 60% energy in buildings, which is mainly supplied by fossil resources. Today, because of the need for an effective method to achieve efficient energy and biocompatible architecture, the use of natural ventilation systems in buildings has become more significant. One of the methods to create comfortable conditions in the interior is a use of evaporative cooling in the cooling systems. Unlike air conditioners, evaporative cooling can be considered as an acceptable solution for sustainable construction, which reduces energy consumption and greenhouse gases. Evaporative cooling is widely used as a passive cooling method in the built environment. In the system, the movement of air on a wet surface causes the Water evaporation through the air energy absorption, thereby reducing the temperature and increasing the amount of vapor contained in the air. We need indicators to demonstrate the current carrying capacity of the Earth so that decision makers are better informed to set goals, establish options for actions, and monitor progress regarding stated goals. Footprint is a quantitative measurement of natural resources and it is used to assess the extent of human activities impact on global sustainability. Ecological Footprint was initially developed by Wackernagel and Rees in 1992, and is now widely used as an indicator for environmental sustainability. The international average Water Footprint is 7452(〖 Gm〗 ^3⁄ year) and this amount is reported to be 102/65(〖 Gm〗 ^3⁄ year) for Iran. The aim of this study is to design a Passive cooling system to provide comfortable conditions in residential Buildings. Also, with minimal Water and electricity consumption, it will reduce ecological Footprints and Water Footprints and also reduce the amount of electricity consumption in the building. This research was done experimentally-analytically. In order to calculate the efficiency of the proposed system, on August 4th to 7th, the temperature, humidity, and wind speed of the interior room were measured by considering the system. The Hybrid Passive Cooling System (HPCS) consisted of two distinctive systems: the Solar Chimney (SC) and Evaporative Cooling Cavity (ECC). The ECC system was connected to the northern view of the room and SC system was installed to the southern view of the room. The air entered the tower via the openings of the head tower in all directions and passed through the clay cylinders. In this section, the air is cooled and diverted downward. The SC system creates sufficient temperature difference between the interior and exterior by maximizing the solar energy gain and performed air ventilation in the SC and ECC systems. The proposed hybrid system was built in the campus of Azad University, Kermanshah branch in August and was tested from August 4th to 7th. In order to calculate the efficiency of the proposed system, on August 4th to 7th, the temperature, humidity, and wind speed of the interior room were measured by considering the HPCS. To evaluate the Water consumption of the HPCS, two scenarios were considered and their results were compared with each other. Scenario (1): on August 4th-7th, the amount of Water reduction inside the clay cylinders was measured from 9: 00 AM to 3: 00 PM. Scenario (2): On August 18, the room temperature and humidity were measured from 9: 00 AM to 3: 00 PM. Based on the results, Cool performance of HPCS: the lowest temperature was recorded 21. 1 ° C at 9: 00 AM on the 5th of August. The lowest temperature is noon on 22. 9℃ and on the 6th of August. At 3 PM, the lowest air temperature of 23. 72 was reached on the 5th of August. The highest difference between the temperature of the inlet windcatcher and the outside environment is 16. 3℃ , which is on the 7th of August and at 3: 00 PM. the ECC system can increase the RH of air by an average of 34 %. the highest outlet air velocity of the tower is 0. 72 m⁄ s, at 3: 00 PM on the 5th of August. The lowest air velocity is 0. 5 m⁄ s at 9: 00 AM on the 6th of August. Water and electricity consumption of evaporative cooler in scenario 2: To investigate scenario 2, on August 18, the temperature and humidity inside the room and the outside environment were measured from 9: 00 AM to 3: 00 PM. The lowest and highest levels of indoor humidity are 16% at 3 PM and 27% at Noon, respectively, while the outdoor humidity is 13% at 3 PM and 19% at 12 Noon. The evaporative cooler lowers the indoor ambient temperature by an average of 5% and increases the ambient humidity by an average of 7%. Comparison of electricity and Water used in scenarios 1 and 2: The amount of electricity consumed in Scenario 1 is zero, but in Scenario 2, this value is 12112. 9 kJ per day. The environmental Footprint of electricity consumed in Scenario 1 is zero, but in Scenario 2, it is 1. 05 Gigabits per year. The Water used in Scenario 2 is 0. 04 m^3more than Scenario 1. The results showed that the chamber can provide comfort conditions with zero energy consumption by using a hybrid system during the hottest days of the year from 9: 00 AM to 3: 00 PM. The power consumption of the evaporative cooler in the 3 months of summer is 1. 13 GJ, while the power consumption of the designed hybrid system is zero. The ecological Footprint of the power consumption of this system is zero, while the ecological Footprint of the evaporative cooler is 1. 05(Gj⁄ year). From the data obtained, we conclude that the passive hybrid cooling system has the lowest ecological Footprint of Water and electricity compared to evaporative coolers. The system is also able to provide indoor comfort on the hottest days of the year.

Background & Objective: The importance and necessity of planning the rainfed cropping pattern of each region can be attributed to the need for optimal use of rainfall and the provision of solutions to increase production efficiency in rainfed agricultural lands. This study was carried out with the aim of taking into account the Water Footprint to determine the optimal cropping pattern of rainfed agricultural lands in Ghaenat and Zirkoh counties. Materials & Methods: In this study, the appropriate cropping model of rainfed crops was investigated using multi-objective non-linear programming with the aim of reducing green and Gray Water Footprints while maximizing net profit in counties of Zirkoh and Ghaenat. The data was collected in 2018-2019 through surveys and desk studies from databases and weather stations. Results: The results showed that the optimal cropping model while maintaining the current income in the region reduced the green Water Footprint by 1898384 m3. ton-1 and 249886 m3. ton-1 in the multi-objective planning model in the region. The results also showed that by reducing the amount of green Water Footprint in the cropping model, the amount of economic Water Footprint in rainfed agricultural land decreases. In general, to achieve economic objectives and reduce the Water Footprint, in the form of multi-objective planning, the reduction of 121 and 58 ha of cultivated area compared to the current pattern in Ghaenat and Zirkoh is inevitable. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it is necessary to pay attention to the objectives of reducing the Water Footprint, especially the amount of the green Water Footprint in optimizing the crop model of rainfed areas. Also, due to the advantages and positive effects of the multi-objective model compared to the current model. The effective role of green Water in maintaining Water resources and groundWater aquifers will replace the multipurpose model in the region. Steps can be taken to increase profits and reduce Water use, using the proposed model, in addition to selecting the appropriate model and making the best use of resources.

While agricultural Water Footprint consist more than 90 percent of Iran’, s fresh Water resources, about one third of it is used for animal and chicken husbandary. The aim of this study was to investigate the Water Footprint and Water Footprint in poultry sector using the Mekonnen and Hokkstra method in three provinces of Tehran, Alborz and Qazvin. In this study, the virtual Water Footprint in poultry products, in Tehran, Alborz and Qazvin provinces, was estimated. The values of Water Footprint for producing Chicken was estimated as much as 5. 8, 5. 81 and 6. 08 m3/kg, and it was estimated as much as 4. 26, 4. 66, 4. 22 m3/kg for egg, in Tehran, Alborz and Qazvin provinces, respectively. It is noteworthy that the global average Water Footprints for chicken and egg productions are 4. 3 and 3. 34 m3/kg, respectively. Comparing these values shows that the Water Footprint in poultry production in Iran is higher than the global average. Given the low Water Footprint for chicken and comparing with that of beef, it is recommended to focus on chicken products and for saving Water and food security, simultaneously,the barriers to poultry should be eliminated. Considering the meaningful difference of Water Footprint between the two approaches of natural and industrial poultry husbandary, the last method is suggested.

All energy scenarios show that the energy supply approach is shifting to renewable energy, in particular energy from biofuels. On the other hand, in the context of this type of energy, Water which is a limiting factor in the discussion of agricultural products, arises. In this research, using the Water Footprint index, the amount of Water consumed for the production of each energy unit was calculated from wheat biomass. In this regard, six provinces of the country with the highest production value were selected. The purpose of this study was to determine the most desirable province for producing bioenergy from wheat biomass from the perspective of the Water Footprint index. The results of this study showed that Golestan, Kermanshah, Ardebil, Khuzestan, Fars and Khorasan Razavi provinces devoted 25. 1, 33, 35. 5, 39. 4, 43. 9 and 83. 7 cubic meter of Water per GJ, respectively and this values showed the priority to produce bioenergy from wheat biomass. In other words, from the perspective of the Water Footprint, the productivity of bioenergy production in Golestan province is more than other provinces. Therefore, this situation has created an advantage for the use of wheat biomass in the province.

Iran is located in arid and semi-arid climates,Due to the fact such country is facing with the growing consumption of Water that can be addressed to the Water crisis audience in the coming years. Therefore, to tackle the problem we should be sensitive about all type of Water consumption. The industry sector is one of the consumers of Water resources in the country and optimization of Water consumption in this sector is a crucial priority that must be considered. This plan could save Water consumption and also, the Water needs of industries will also be met in the future. The present study was conducted on one of the largest detergent factories in Qazvin province. A system boundary analysis is provided for a detergent plant and specifies the range of calculations of Water use factors. Using data from the plant and related calculations, the total Water Footprint of the plant in 2019 is estimated to be 26. 64 𝑚, 3 for each product. Direct and indirect Water Footprints were estimated to be 0. 658 and 25. 9 𝑚, 3, respectively, indicating a high share of detergent production in Water consumption. In this study, the amount of Gray Water Footprint in the detergent industry was calculated and its rate for a detergent plant was calculated to be 14. 5 cubic meters per tonne of product per year.

Introduction: Water use and pollution have raised to a critical level in many parts of the world. If humankind is to meet the challenges over the coming fifty years, the agricultural share of Water use has to be substantially reduced. In this study, a modern yet simple approach has been proposed through the introduction concept ‘Water Footprint’ (WF). This concept can be used to study the connection between each product and the Water allocation to produce that product. This research estimates the green, blue and Gray WF of wheat in Iran. Also a new WF part (white) is used that is related about irrigation Water loss.Materials and Methods: The national green (Effective precipitation), blue (Net irrigation requirement), Gray (For diluting chemical fertilizers) and white (Irrigation Water losses) Water Footprints (WF) of wheat production were estimated for fifteen major wheat producing provinces of Iran. Evapotranspiration, irrigation requirement, gross irrigation requirement and effective rainfall were got using the AGWAT model. Yields of irrigated and rain-fed lands of each province were got from Iran Agricultural-Jihad Ministry. Another part of the wheat production WF is related about the volume of Water required to assimilate the fertilizers leached in runoff (Gray WF). Moreover, a new concept of white Water Footprint was proposed here and represents irrigation Water losses, which was neglected in the original calculation framework. Finally, the national WF parts of wheat production were estimated by taking the average of each part over all the provinces weighted by the share of each province in total wheat production of the selected provinces.Results and Discussion: In 2006-2012, more than 67% of the national wheat production was irrigated and 32.3% were rain-fed, on average, while 37.9% of the total wheat-cultivated lands were irrigated and 62.1% was rain-fed from more than 6, 568 -ha. The total national WF of wheat production for this period was estimated as 42, 143 MCM/year, on average. Different parts of wheat WF were estimated for 236 plains in fifteen selected provinces. For irrigated areas, the green WFs ranged from 499 to 1, 023 m3/ton, the blue WFs from 521 to 1, 402 m3/ton, the Gray WFs from 337 to 822 m3/ton, and the white WFs from 701 to 2, 301 m3/ton. The average total WF for irrigated areas among all the selected provinces is about 3, 188 m3/ton, with almost equal shares of blue and green Water. For rain-fed areas, the green WFs ranged from 1, 282 to 4, 166 m3/ton and the Gray WFs from 100 to 740 m3/ton. The average total WF for rainfed areas is about 3, 071 m3/ton with the share of green WF being nine times the Gray WF. In irrigated areas, the percentages of green, blue, Gray and white WFs are 23, 25, 17 and 35% of total WF, respectively in each province. The average total WF for irrigated areas is about 3, 188 m3/ton with comparable shares of blue and green Water. In irrigated areas, Fars, Khorasan and Khuzestan provinces have the largest of the total WF with 5, 575, 5, 028 and 4, 123 MCM/year, respectively. In addition to large cultivated areas and high rates of potential evapotranspiration, high values of Gray and white Water is another reason for the high volume of total WF in these provinces.Conclusions: The results showed that the green WF related about wheat production in our country is about 2.3 times the blue WF. It confirmed the importance of green Water in wheat production. Also the Gray Water Footprint was assessed which is related about nitrogen application. Besides, the white Water Footprint was proposed here, which represents irrigation Water losses. Results showed that the total Water Footprint in wheat production for the whole country is about 42, 143 MCM/year on average over the period of 2006-2012. The ratios of green, blue, Gray and white Water were 41, 18, 16 and 25%, respectively. Different parts of wheat WF were estimated for 236 plains over fifteen selected provinces. Total shares of Gray and white Water Footprint were 41% of total wheat production Water Footprint. The average total WF for irrigated areas among all selected provinces is about 3, 188 m3/ton, with almost equal shares of blue and green Water. The authors admit that the accuracy of these results is subject to the quality of the input data.

Many regions of Iran are increasingly faced to Water crisis. Because of agriculture as the main sector of Water resources consumption with 85% of global surface and groundWater, it is necessary to reduce Water consumption in this sector. Environmental protection, Water resources and agricultural production are the main important goals of echo hydrology. Water Footprint (WF) and virtual Water trading (VW) concepts is recently used for fresh Water resources management and echo hydrology engineering. WF and VW are used for sustainable management of Water resources, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. These concepts have been used more in crop productions and less in fruit crops. The purpose of this study was to investigate the Water Footprint and Water Footprint in walnut production for duration of 2006-2016 in provincial and national scale of Iran. This study is calculated Water Footprint components in walnut production for duration of 2006-2016 in provincial and nation scale of Iran. Result showed the average of Water Footprint is 6. 42 m3/kg which the share of blue, green and grey Water Footprint are 90%, 3% and 7%, respectively. The highest and the lowest Water Footprint are in Yazd (14. 11 m3/kg) and Mazandaran (1. 94 m3/kg) provinces. Also, the total volume of Water Footprint is 1493 MCM per year that exported about 94% (1403 MMC per year) in the form of virtual Water trade.

Agricultural Water Footprint is more than 90 percent of fresh Water resources in Iran. About 30 percent of it is used as feed for livestock. The livestock industry is one of the world's most Water-based industries, especially in Iran. In this study, the mean livestock feed in the three provinces of Tehran, Alborz and Qazvin were estimated and then, using the Mekonnen and Hokkstra method, the Water Footprint was calculated. Then these values compared to the average Water Footprint in other countries (Netherlands, USA, Russia, Mexico, India and the world average). The values of virtual Water Footprint for producing beef were estimated 44. 49, 45. 18 and 45. 51 m3/kg in milk production were estimated 2. 24, 2. 25 and 2. 43 m3/Lit in Tehran, Alborz and Qazvin provinces respectively. The global average Water Footprints of beef and milk are 14. 4 m3/kg and 1 m3/Lit. This comparision shows that the virtual Water Footprint in cattle production in Iran is higher than the global average. Based on the results of this study, the high Water Footprint in animal feed production and poor management of livestock farms are the main reseans of the high Water Footprint in Animal Production. Reducing Water Footprint in domestic forage production or forage imports is suggested due to the high contribution of nutrition to the high Water Footprint of beef and milk.